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Blockages to peace in Libya: The role of post-conflict Security Sector Reform
Magouri, Shahd Omar A ; Visoka, Gëzim (advisor) ; Anceschi, Luca (referee)
This thesis focuses on the evolution of the Libyan security sector after the 2011 uprising. Building on the theoretical frameworks of statebuilding and post-conflict peacebuilding, this research examines the structure of the Libyan security sector under the Gaddafi regime, to assist in contextualising the unique nature of the institutions, and to understand the changes that occurred after the 2011 uprising. This background context assists with evaluating to what extent did the security sector evolve, and how did the lack of successful reform hinder the UN-led peace process. This research places its focus on the timeframe between 2011 to 2019, using a qualitative method of research. It aims at understanding the impact of the security sector on the Libyan peace process in terms of its contribution to insecurity, and the significance and relevance of having a successful implementation of SSR and DDR, due to the ongoing security fragmentation and state failure. This research finds that the security sector reform initiatives committed by international actors were unsuccessful due to several factors, including the evacuation of personnel due to deteriorating security conditions, and the exclusion of key actors from negotiations. Furthermore, initiatives at security sector reform by Libyan actors were...
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Security Sector Reform in Armenia
Avakyan, Tatevik ; Střítecký, Vít (advisor) ; Ditrych, Ondřej (referee)
The main aim of this research is to investigate the dynamics of Security Sector Reform in Armenia and identify the greatest obstacles of the reformation process. The topic is of a great importance for the state and the region of South Caucasus in general regarding the process of sustainable peace and development. Furthermore, there is a lack of academic literature on the topic of Security Sector Reform in that particular state, thus, the topic is relatively new. The research is meant to be a qualitative analysis that draws on the various reports of the international organizations and development donors along with the relevant academic literature to provide the theoretical framework of the concept. Apart from that, the empirical part is also based on the interviews with the Armenian experts, which allowed gaining a deeper knowledge of the SSR issues on the ground. The research identifies, that the process of security sector reformation in Armenia has not been a stable and static process, but it has rather had its ups and downs. Namely, the beginning of 1990s is believed to be the most challenging for the state. The ceasefire agreement of 1994 started the process of sustainable development, which was, however, slowed down by the economic crisis in 2008. The "frozen" conflict with the neighboring...
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European Union's Police Missions as Part of Civil Crisis Management
Benešová, Monika ; Weiss, Tomáš (advisor) ; Karásek, Tomáš (referee)
This essay deals with analysis of the phenomenon of EU's police missions as an integral part of civilian crisis management within European Security and Defense Policy. It outlined the development and evaluation of EU's operational civilian capabilities. The focus of the work is an analysis and comparison of selected police missions in terms of conditions that the EU can not influence to such an extent and that still deeply affect the course of implementation of the mission. The study also deals with the evaluation of concrete operations in terms of successful fulfillment of their mandates. Our research question relates to the external conditions of a total of five realized EU's police missions. Our presumption is the claim that socio-economic context of a country deeply influence the course of EU's action and therefore has an impact on the fulfillment of the mandate of police missions. Considerations to what extent is EU itself responsible for the success or failure of each mission and how external factors affect the mission objectives led us to the choice of topic.
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Security sector reform and post conflict peacebuilding in Afghanistan
Daim, Makam khan ; Visoka, Gëzim (advisor) ; Aslan, Emil (referee)
Security Sector Reform (SSR) is considered a significant feature in post-conflict peacebuilding efforts typically employed by states and international partners. Recently, the concept of SSR has played a significant role in the statebuilding process in Afghanistan after the Taliban regime; however, a disorganised and unplanned withdrawal poses severe threats to the security sector. This thesis explores the SSR efforts made by the western states after the end of the Taliban regime. The holistic approaches present in policy and strategy documents are quite challenging when it comes to SSR implementation in a post-conflict country ruled by an insurgent group for years. This thesis illustrates two competing approaches that show how SSR played a role in the post-conflict peacebuilding within Afghanistan and how peace spoilers and US/NATO withdrawal will impact the gains of twenty years in SSR. In order to better analyse the SSR process, a case study of the Afghan National Police is used. Moreover, this thesis offers some practical policy recommendations that can be useful for the concept of SSR in Afghanistan. This thesis does not offer a solution to the challenges of SSR in post-conflict countries like Afghanistan. Yet, it suggests that an uncoordinated withdrawal of external powers can negatively...
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Assessing coercion in liberal peacebuilding: The EU peacebuilding attempts in Palestine
van Heeswijk, Emma ; Biagini, Erika (advisor) ; Hardman, Helen (referee)
2 Abstract Thi di er a ion e plore he e of coercion in he EU liberal peaceb ilding frame ork in Palestine. Palestine has a long- anding hi or of foreign ac or in ol emen . Since he 1993 O lo Accord , he EU peaceb ilding role a one of Pale ine main financial donors has increased. There is scholarly disagreement and a lack of understanding on the role of coercion in peacebuilding practices. While scholars argue that coercion is a core element for human organisations, others do not recognise the negative impact of coercion in peacebuilding when this does not entail the use of force. Furthermore, the peacebuilding scholarship offers little to no conceptualisation of coercion. Therefore, this dissertation explores how coercion manifests in peacebuilding practices, looking at the case of the EU liberal peacebuilding activities in Palestine. In doing so, the research emphasises on how local Palestinian recipients perceive coercion. The current liberal approach of the EU is built upon the economic dependency of Palestinians, which essentially constitutes a coercive structure. The asymmetric power relations between different actors in the region allows space for the contestation of coercion. This dissertation argues that coercion in this context goes beyond its traditional understanding, and therefore requires...
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Security Sector Reform in Armenia
Avakyan, Tatevik ; Střítecký, Vít (advisor) ; Ditrych, Ondřej (referee)
The main aim of this research is to investigate the dynamics of Security Sector Reform in Armenia and identify the greatest obstacles of the reformation process. The topic is of a great importance for the state and the region of South Caucasus in general regarding the process of sustainable peace and development. Furthermore, there is a lack of academic literature on the topic of Security Sector Reform in that particular state, thus, the topic is relatively new. The research is meant to be a qualitative analysis that draws on the various reports of the international organizations and development donors along with the relevant academic literature to provide the theoretical framework of the concept. Apart from that, the empirical part is also based on the interviews with the Armenian experts, which allowed gaining a deeper knowledge of the SSR issues on the ground. The research identifies, that the process of security sector reformation in Armenia has not been a stable and static process, but it has rather had its ups and downs. Namely, the beginning of 1990s is believed to be the most challenging for the state. The ceasefire agreement of 1994 started the process of sustainable development, which was, however, slowed down by the economic crisis in 2008. The "frozen" conflict with the neighboring...
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Security Sector Reform in the Southern Caucasus: The Cases of Georgia and Azerbaijan
Mirzazada, Gunel ; Střítecký, Vít (advisor) ; Ditrych, Ondřej (referee)
Security sector is a complex of different fields, which altogether ensure a particular country's national security, sovereignty and independence. Such security sector fields include military security, energy security, economic security, etc. For countries on the stage of transition, complex changes to their security sectors are required, which can be implemented under the form of full-scale reforms. This problem was faced by post- Soviet states, including Georgia and Azerbaijan, in the early 1990's, after the collapse of the USSR. However, despite the obv ious necessity of reforms, they were blocked in many states due to their authorities' loyalty to Russia, and its impact over the region. Due to those problems, security sector reforms in both Georgia and Azerbaijan were finally implemented only in the earl y 2000's. Georgia was able to reach greater success in its reforms thanks to the full-scale approach covering all fields of national security, with a particular focus on the military sphere. In Azerbaijan, reforms were not so effective due to lack of political will to eradicate corruption, and only superficial, but not deep, changes implemented. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Private Military Companies and Security Sector Reform in Post-Conflict Countries: A Case Study of Iraq
Sladká, Jana ; Bureš, Oldřich (advisor) ; Karásek, Tomáš (referee)
A subject of this diploma thesis is a role of private military companies (PMCs) in security sector reform (SSR) in Iraq in a period from 2003 to 2011. The first chapter of the thesis focuses on goals and process of post-conflict SSR from a theoretical point of view because of an involvement of PMCs in post-conflict reconstruction which was taking place in Iraq. Part of the theoretical chapter is a SSR and steps which is the SSR process composed of. The second chapter concentrates on definitions and typologies of PMCs. This part of the thesis makes a distinction between mercenaries and private military contractors and PMCs themselves. Last but not least the second chapter encompasses discussion about a role of PMCs in a process of SSR in post-conflict countries. The third chapter is dedicated to a historical development of cooperation between PMCs and the US; it analyses roots of the US dependence on services provided by PMCs. A case study of Iraq elaborates on a role of PMCs in a process of Iraqi security reform. Aim of this chapter is to define advantages and disadvantages of usage of services provided by PMCs. By taking into account disadvantages employment of PMCs represents, steps that could help to avoid those in the future are suggested.
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